Yavuz Alogan<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00d6\u011frenme psikolojisinde \u201cba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alg\u0131lama yetene\u011fi\u201d diye bir kavram tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f m\u0131d\u0131r, bilmiyorum. Buna benzer bir \u015fey vard\u0131r mutlaka. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmak laz\u0131m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ba\u015far\u0131y\u0131 herkes alg\u0131lar. Fakat ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k her zaman k\u0131l\u0131k de\u011fi\u015ftirir. Ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 g\u00f6zlerden saklamak i\u00e7in o kadar \u00e7ok mazeret, bahane, optik yan\u0131lsama \u00fcretirsiniz ki sonunda kendi ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 alg\u0131lama yetene\u011finizi kaybedersiniz. \u0130nsan kendi ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ya da i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu grubun, \u00fcyesi oldu\u011fu siyas\u00ee partinin, y\u00f6netti\u011fi siyas\u00ee iktidar\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 alg\u0131lama yetene\u011fini kaybetti\u011fi vakit, ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131n derde girmesi, grubunun da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131, partisinin yok olup gitmesi, y\u00f6netmekte oldu\u011fu \u00fclkenin felakete s\u00fcr\u00fcklenmesi ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Demek ki ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alg\u0131layacaks\u0131n\u0131z. Ortada bir ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k var, bu ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k benim\/bizim eserimiz, bu ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n sebeplerini ara\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131, muhtemel sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rmeliyiz, diyeceksiniz… Ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kendi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fczl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fczden, \u00e7aps\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zdan ya da hayalcili\u011finizden de\u011fil de ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131n ihanetinden, saflar\u0131n\u0131za s\u0131zm\u0131\u015f komplocu hainlerden, d\u0131\u015f d\u00fc\u015fmanlardan kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131na ya da sizin i\u00e7in ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k diye bir \u015feyin olamayaca\u011f\u0131na, asl\u0131nda sizin \u201chep muzaffer daima\u201d oldu\u011funuza lakin bunu kan\u0131tlay\u0131p insanlara yeterince anlatamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131za, hem kendinizi hem de \u00e7evrenizi inand\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rsan\u0131z, ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131z dertten, sa\u00e7\u0131n\u0131z bitten kurtulmaz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Yaz\u0131ya her ne kadar \u201cya\u015fam ko\u00e7u\u201d ya da \u201cG\u00fczin abla\u201d tad\u0131nda ba\u015flad\u0131ysam da, bireyin ki\u015filik \u00f6zellikleriyle, ki bence \u201cba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alg\u0131lama\u201d yetene\u011fi de bu \u00f6zelliklerden biridir, tarihe y\u00f6n verebildi\u011fi bir ger\u00e7ektir. Nitekim Rus Marksizmi\u2019nin babas\u0131 Georgi Plehanov, \u201cTarihte Bireyin Rol\u00fc \u00dczerine\u201d (1898) ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 makalesinde, ki\u015filik \u00f6zellikleri sayesinde bireyin toplumun kaderini etkileyebildi\u011fini s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ancak bu etkinin olu\u015fabilmesi i\u00e7in bireyin azmi ve cesareti (ki\u015fisel \u00f6zellikler) yetmez. Neden yetmez? \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bireyin toplumun kaderini belirlemek i\u00e7in muhta\u00e7 oldu\u011fu kudret, i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu toplumun \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme bi\u00e7imiyle, toplumsal ve siyas\u00ee g\u00fc\u00e7 ili\u015fkileriyle belirlenir. Bu ili\u015fkileri do\u011fru de\u011ferlendiremeyen, kendilerinde yok yere liderlik vehmeden muhterisler ya alay konusu olmu\u015flar ya da trajedi yaratm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Do\u011fru de\u011ferlendirenler ise toplumun kaderini olumlu y\u00f6nde etkilemi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alg\u0131lama yetene\u011fi i\u015fte bu ba\u011flamda \u00f6nem ve anlam kazan\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hitler hayat\u0131 boyunca ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alg\u0131layamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r mesela. Adam\u0131n b\u00f6yle bir yetene\u011fi yoktur. Wehrmacht\u2019\u0131n Nazi olmayan generallerinden Walter Warlimont, Barbarossa Harek\u00e2t\u0131\u2019ndan (1941) hemen \u00f6nce Hitler\u2019e ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bir rapor sunar. Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 tecr\u00fcbelerinden hareketle, Almanya\u2019n\u0131n iki bu\u00e7uk cephede (Do\u011fu, Bat\u0131 ve Kuzey Afrika ile Balkanlar) sava\u015famayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, Rusya\u2019ya sald\u0131rmas\u0131 h\u00e2linde lojistik ikmal hatlar\u0131n\u0131n a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 derecede uzayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, asker\u00ee kuvvet da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n elveri\u015fsiz, kaynaklar\u0131n ise yetersiz oldu\u011funu anlat\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hitler, ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6remez. \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin sonunda tarafs\u0131z kalaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, Bat\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n kom\u00fcnizme kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelede kendisine \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc destek verece\u011fini, Ukrayna tah\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n ve Hazar petrollerinin ele ge\u00e7irilmesiyle kaynaklar\u0131n ikmal edilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr. Olas\u0131 alternatifleri \u201cka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz ba\u015far\u0131\u201d saplant\u0131s\u0131yla de\u011ferlendirmekte ve stratejisini buna g\u00f6re olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Stalingrad\u2019da (1942) a\u011f\u0131r bir yenilgiye u\u011frar; bir g\u00fcn \u00f6nce Mare\u015fal r\u00fctbesi verdi\u011fi General Paulus K\u0131z\u0131l Ordu\u2019ya teslim olmu\u015ftur. Asl\u0131nda Almanya sava\u015f\u0131 o anda kaybetmi\u015ftir fakat Hitler ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alg\u0131layamaz. Avrupa\u2019ya da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f panzer birliklerini \u201cKursk \u00c7\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131\u201dnda toplayarak (1943) Sovyet ilerleyi\u015fini durdurabilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr. Orada tarihin kaydetti\u011fi en b\u00fcy\u00fck tank muharebesinde ana kuvvetlerini kaybeder. Yine de ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alg\u0131layamaz. Der Untergang<\/em> (\u00c7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f) filmini bir kez daha, bu a\u00e7\u0131dan izlerseniz, \u201cba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alg\u0131layamama\u201d sorununu en somut h\u00e2liyle g\u00f6rebilirsiniz.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Mao Zedung \u00f6rne\u011finde ise durum bunun tam tersidir. Devrim\u2019den (1949) hemen sonra i\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131n ve Japon emperyalizmine kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelenin tecr\u00fcbelerini yans\u0131tarak \u201ckendine yeterli bir ekonomi\u201d kurmak i\u00e7in B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130leri At\u0131l\u0131m\u2019\u0131 (1958-1961), ard\u0131ndan Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin etkisinden kurtulmak ve s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi\u2019ni (1966-1976) ba\u015flat\u0131r. Birinci giri\u015fim ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa u\u011frar, muazzam bir k\u0131tl\u0131\u011fa, milyonlarca insan\u0131n a\u00e7l\u0131ktan \u00f6lmesine yol a\u00e7ar; kendine yeterli bir ekonominin irade g\u00fcc\u00fcyle kurulamayaca\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi ise parti y\u00f6netimini ve liderli\u011fi g\u00fc\u00e7lendirir, \u201cSovyet revizyonizmi\u201dnin etkisini yok eder fakat \u00fclkenin teknik ve entelekt\u00fcel kadrolar\u0131n\u0131 bi\u00e7er, partinin tecr\u00fcbeli \u00f6nderlerini k\u0131rsal kesimde zorunlu eme\u011fe mahk\u00fbm eder. Deng \u015eiaoping tasfiye edilen \u00f6nderlerden biridir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Mao Zedung\u2019un, ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 tam olarak alg\u0131lad\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131l\u0131 1973 olarak sapt\u0131yoruz. B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130leri At\u0131l\u0131m ve K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi y\u00f6ntemleriyle \u00c7in\u2019in asla modern bir \u00fclke olamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Deng\u2019i s\u00fcrg\u00fcnden al\u0131r, ekonominin ve ordunun ba\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7irir. Ondan ho\u015flanmaz asl\u0131nda, ona g\u00fcvenmez. \u201cKulaklar\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r i\u015fitmesine ra\u011fmen Deng toplant\u0131larda benden en uzak yere oturuyor,\u201d diye \u015fik\u00e2yet eder. Fakat ayn\u0131 zamanda \u201cDeng bir pamuk yuma\u011f\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7indeki \u00e7elik i\u011fnedir\u201d diyerek onu \u00f6ver. \u00c7in\u2019in Deng\u2019in bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131na muhta\u00e7 oldu\u011funu anlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Deng, K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi\u2019nin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu ba\u015f\u0131bo\u015f \u00e7eteleri ordudan ve ekonomiden temizler. Demiryolu \u015febekesini onararak b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00c7in\u2019e k\u00f6m\u00fcr sevkiyat\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar, end\u00fcstriyi canland\u0131r\u0131r, s\u00fcrg\u00fcne g\u00f6nderilen bilim adamlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcniversitelere iade eder. B\u00fcy\u00fck tepkilere yol a\u00e7ar. Parti y\u00f6netiminde yer alan, Mao\u2019nun daha sonra \u201cD\u00f6rtl\u00fc \u00c7ete\u201d diyece\u011fi muhafazak\u00e2rlar \u201cKapitalizm yolcusu C\u00fcce Ping\u201dle m\u00fccadele etmeye ba\u015flarlar. Fakat Deng \u015eiaoping, \u00c7in\u2019in siyas\u00ee hayat\u0131nda ba\u015fbakan ve d\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri bakan\u0131 olarak her zaman bir denge unsuru olan \u00c7u Enlay\u2019\u0131n da yard\u0131m\u0131yla, \u201cD\u00f6rt Modernle\u015fme\u201d fikrini yava\u015f yava\u015f olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Mao Zedung hem \u201cD\u00f6rtl\u00fc \u00c7ete\u201dyi hem de Deng\u2019in \u00e7evresindeki modernle\u015fme yanl\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 denetler, iki grubu da itip kakar fakat onlar\u0131 kol boyu mesafesinde tutar, asla yok etmez. Deng ipin ucunu ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131p \u201cKedinin rengi de\u011fil fareyi yakalamas\u0131 \u00f6nemlidir\u201d dedi\u011fi zaman onu bir kez daha tasfiye eder (1976) fakat ekibini da\u011f\u0131tmaz. Asl\u0131nda imk\u00e2ns\u0131z olan\u0131, \u00c7in\u2019in K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi de\u011ferlerinden kopmadan modernle\u015fmesini, d\u00fcnyaya a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 istemektedir. \u00d6lece\u011fini anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, dengeleyici liderlik rol\u00fcn\u00fc Hua Guofeng\u2019e devreder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Neyse, uzatmayal\u0131m… Neticede \u201cD\u00f6rtl\u00fc \u00c7ete\u201d tutuklan\u0131r (Ekim 1976), K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi tasfiye edilir ve 1978\u2019de Deng \u015eiaoping\u2019in modernle\u015fme program\u0131 uygulamaya konulur. Kedi rengini de\u011fi\u015ftirerek fareleri yakalamaya ba\u015flar. \u201cD\u00f6rtl\u00fc \u00c7ete\u201d Deng \u015eiaoping\u2019in reform program\u0131n\u0131 \u201c\u00dc\u00e7 Zehirli Sarma\u015f\u0131k\u201d olarak adland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Deng, geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, ayn\u0131 programa bu kez \u201c\u00dc\u00e7 G\u00fczel Kokulu \u00c7i\u00e7ek\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 verir. \u00c7in\u2019de sembolizm \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir. Yaz\u0131l\u0131 hukuk etkisiz oldu\u011fu, hatta hi\u00e7 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00fclke, hizipler m\u00fccadelesi\/dengesiyle, bilge bir G\u00fcne\u015f \u0130mparator\u2019un g\u00f6zetimi alt\u0131nda y\u00f6netilir. <\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00c7inli devrimciler yurtsever, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fkan, fedak\u00e2r ve ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc dayan\u0131kl\u0131 insanlard\u0131. \u00c7o\u011funlu\u011fu ele ge\u00e7irdiklerinde az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kur\u015funa dizmediler. Stalin\u2019in hatalar\u0131ndan ders \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde modern \u00c7in, Kom\u00fcnist Partisi\u2019nin denetledi\u011fi kapitalist karma ekonomi sayesinde, Bat\u0131\u2019dan \u00f6\u011frenerek bir d\u00fcnya g\u00fcc\u00fc oldu. Ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 Mao\u2019nun ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alg\u0131lama, ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n sebeplerini bulma, sorunlar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zecek insanlar\u0131 g\u00f6reve getirerek parti i\u00e7inde ince politikalarla denge kurma yetene\u011fine bor\u00e7ludur. Mao Zedung, ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alg\u0131lamay\u0131p \u201cD\u00f6rtl\u00fc \u00c7ete\u201dyle birlikte K\u00fclt\u00fcr Devrimi\u2019nin a\u015f\u0131r\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrseydi, bug\u00fcn\u00fcn d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda \u00c7in ne g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olabilir ne de ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 koruyabilirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Kendi ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 alg\u0131lamaktan aciz, kadir k\u0131ymet bilmez nank\u00f6r muhterisler ne devrim yapabilirler ne de devrimci olabilirler. Veryans\u0131n<\/em>, 22. 01. 2021<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Yavuz Alogan \u00d6\u011frenme psikolojisinde \u201cba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alg\u0131lama yetene\u011fi\u201d diye bir kavram tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015f m\u0131d\u0131r, bilmiyorum. Buna benzer bir \u015fey vard\u0131r mutlaka. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmak laz\u0131m. Ba\u015far\u0131y\u0131 herkes alg\u0131lar. Fakat ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k her zaman k\u0131l\u0131k de\u011fi\u015ftirir. Ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 g\u00f6zlerden saklamak i\u00e7in o kadar \u00e7ok mazeret, bahane, optik yan\u0131lsama \u00fcretirsiniz ki sonunda kendi ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 alg\u0131lama yetene\u011finizi kaybedersiniz. \u0130nsan kendi ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ya da i\u00e7inde … <\/p>\n