Yavuz Alogan<\/p>\n\n\n\n
D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc sanayi devriminin etkisiyle neoliberal kapitalizmde \u00fcretim s\u00fcre\u00e7leri ve s\u0131n\u0131fsal yap\u0131lar de\u011fi\u015fti. Birinci sanayi devrimi 18. as\u0131rda buharl\u0131 makinelerin ve mekanik dokuma tezg\u00e2h\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131yla ba\u015flad\u0131. On dokuzuncu asr\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda elektrikli montaj hatt\u0131 \u00fcretim s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine girince ikinci sanayi devrimi ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Ard\u0131ndan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc devrim geldi; yar\u0131 iletkenlerin ve bilgisayarlar\u0131n devreye girmesiyle \u00fcretimde otomasyon s\u00fcrecine ge\u00e7ildi. D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc sanayi devrimiyle birlikte \u00fcretim s\u00fcre\u00e7leri dijitalle\u015fti, kendi denetimini sa\u011flayan otonom \u00fcretim sistemleri olu\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Modern proletarya birinci sanayi devrimiyle birlikte olu\u015ftu. Luddite (makine k\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131) ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck burjuva anar\u015fizan isyan evrelerinden ge\u00e7erek kendi g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn bilincine varan, \u201ckendinde\u201d olmaktan \u201ckendisi i\u00e7in\u201d olmaya do\u011fru evrilen, \u201ci\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc\u201dne sahip bir toplumsal s\u0131n\u0131fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. On dokuzuncu asr\u0131n sonu ve 20. asr\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc i\u015f\u00e7i sendikalar\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 partileri, \u201cpolitik grev\u201d kavram\u0131yla birlikte ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Refah devleti anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n yerle\u015fmesi proletaryay\u0131 toplum s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin taraf\u0131 h\u00e2line getirdi: bir yanda burjuvazi, \u00f6te yanda proletarya ve ikisi aras\u0131nda da\u011f\u0131lan ara s\u0131n\u0131flar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
E\u015fitsizli\u011fin Tan\u0131m\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc sanayi devriminin d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fcne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fme evresinde s\u0131n\u0131fsal e\u015fitsizli\u011fin tan\u0131m\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. \u00d6nceki d\u00f6nemde e\u015fitsizli\u011fe k\u00e2r ve \u00fccretler a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bak\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131; toplumsal e\u015fitsizli\u011fe \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm bulmak isteyenler (sosyalistler, hatta \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Yol \u00f6ncesi Sosyal Demokratlar), gelir b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fc, \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n denetlenmesi, kamula\u015ft\u0131rma, vergi reformu gibi ara\u00e7larla \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlard\u0131. Fakat zamanla sermaye ulusal s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 a\u015ft\u0131, \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131m\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131, emek s\u00fcre\u00e7leri g\u00fcvencesiz ve esnek h\u00e2le geldi, \u00e7ok say\u0131da i\u015f\u00e7iyi toplayan b\u00fcy\u00fck fabrikalar teknoloji yo\u011fun k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck birimlere da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131, her \u015fey \u00f6zelle\u015ftirildi, vergiler b\u00fct\u00fcn n\u00fcfusa yay\u0131ld\u0131, burjuvazi fabrika kap\u0131s\u0131nda hesapla\u015faca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z somut bir s\u0131n\u0131f olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131, sendikalar g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fczle\u015ferek mafyala\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. \u201cKendisi i\u00e7in s\u0131n\u0131f\u201dtan giderek \u201ckendinde s\u0131n\u0131f\u201da d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen proletarya elbette ortadan kalkmad\u0131 fakat k\u00fcresel olarak \u00e7ok par\u00e7al\u0131, maddi \u00e7\u0131karlar ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel bak\u0131mdan tekil \u00fclkeler i\u00e7inde bile heterojen (ayr\u0131\u015f\u0131k) h\u00e2le geldi. Ne yapaca\u011f\u0131 belli olmayan geni\u015f bir \u201clumpen proletarya\u201d kitlesi olu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu arada, ge\u00e7mi\u015fte devlete ve b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015firketlere yak\u0131n duran elit profesyonel meslekler, i\u015f g\u00fcvenceleri ve madd\u00ee imkanlar\u0131yla birlikte toplumsal stat\u00fclerini kaybetmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Asl\u0131nda bu yeni bir olay de\u011fildi. Ernest Mandel daha 1970\u2019lerde teknisyenlerin, m\u00fchendislerin, \u00f6\u011fretmenlerin, hekimlerin giderek ayr\u0131cal\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kaybedeceklerine ve proleterle\u015feceklerine i\u015faret etmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n G\u00fcvencesiz S\u0131n\u0131f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Fakat \u015fimdi, sendikas\u0131zla\u015fan proletaryay\u0131 da kapsayan, \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 farkl\u0131, kendi i\u00e7inde b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f, siyaseten g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fcz, g\u00fcvencesiz ve gelece\u011fi belirsiz bir s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6yleniyor: prekarya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130ngilizce \u201cprecarious\u201d (g\u00fcvencesiz) ve \u201cproletariat\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerinden t\u00fcretilen bu terim, \u201cmesleki kimli\u011fi tan\u0131mlayan ahl\u00e2ki ya da davran\u0131\u015fsal y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckler g\u00f6sterme zorunlulu\u011fu\u201dnu kaybeden (Standing 2017, s. 29); i\u015f g\u00fcvencesizli\u011fi ve bor\u00e7lanma imk\u00e2n\u0131 nedeniyle \u201cevlerini kayan kum \u00fczerinde\u201d in\u015fa etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ve giderek geni\u015fleyen, \u201ctehlikeli\u201d (siyas\u00ee davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclemeyen) bir kesimi (Bauman 2017, s. 177) anlatmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130\u015f temelinde edinilen stat\u00fcn\u00fcn kaybedilmesi, farkl\u0131 gelir dilimlerine mensup olmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen t\u0131p profes\u00f6r\u00fc ile k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t toplay\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131, devlet memuru ya da \u015firket \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131 ile bakkal ya da in\u015faat i\u015f\u00e7isini ayn\u0131 belirsiz gelecek beklentisi ve g\u00fcvencesizlikte birle\u015ftirdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Devrimi Kim Yapacak?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Neoliberal kapitalizm Devlet\u2019i devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rakt\u0131. \u0130stikrar\u0131 sa\u011flamakla, kriz d\u00f6nemlerinde kamu paras\u0131n\u0131 iktisadi dengeleri kurmak, istihdam d\u00fczeyini korumak i\u00e7in kullanmakla g\u00f6revli bir fail olmaktan giderek uzakla\u015fan Devlet, sadece kendi krizine \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm bulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan, \u00fclkesinin ve halk\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fil sadece kendisinden beslenen dar z\u00fcmrelerin gelece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnen, kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 kollayan bir bask\u0131 ayg\u0131t\u0131na, bir \u201canonim \u015firket\u201de d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Bu anonim \u015firket kesinlikle y\u0131k\u0131lacak, neoliberal kapitalizmin krizi her bir \u00fclkenin ulusal arenas\u0131nda e\u015fzamans\u0131z ba\u015flayan b\u00fcy\u00fck devrimlerle sonu\u00e7lanacakt\u0131r. \u0130ktisadi, toplumsal ve ideolojik kriz kitleleri isyana haz\u0131rlamaktad\u0131r. \u0130syan edecek olan kitlelere ister proletaryay\u0131 da kapsayan prekarya, ister yoksulla\u015fan ve gelece\u011fini kaybeden insan topluluklar\u0131 diyelim, her \u015fey \u00f6nderlik sorununda d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcmlenmektedir. Bu kitlelere hangi ideoloji \u00f6nderlik edecek? Orta\u00e7a\u011fdan kalma gerici ideolojilerin silahl\u0131 militanlar\u0131 m\u0131, kaba kuvveti tekelle\u015ftiren fa\u015fizan ya da militer g\u00fc\u00e7ler mi, yoksa 20\u2019li 30\u2019lu y\u0131llar\u0131n marksist teorik kal\u0131plar\u0131ndan ve 70\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n \u015fematik\/mekanik d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnden s\u0131yr\u0131larak somut ko\u015fullar\u0131n somut analizini yapamayan nostaljik\/anakronik sosyalistler mi? <\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0130nsanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kapitalizmi a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 silahs\u0131z s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fcz bir uyum d\u00fcnyas\u0131 m\u0131, yoksa Mad Max filmindeki gibi herkesin birbiriyle sava\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131, do\u011fan\u0131n yok oldu\u011fu kaotik bir d\u00fcnya m\u0131? Soru ve sorun budur! Bir \u015fey olacak da o \u015feyi kimin nas\u0131l yapaca\u011f\u0131 ve sonucun ne olaca\u011f\u0131 belli de\u011fil. Ayd\u0131nl\u0131k<\/em>, 10. 08. 2018<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Yavuz Alogan D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc sanayi devriminin etkisiyle neoliberal kapitalizmde \u00fcretim s\u00fcre\u00e7leri ve s\u0131n\u0131fsal yap\u0131lar de\u011fi\u015fti. Birinci sanayi devrimi 18. as\u0131rda buharl\u0131 makinelerin ve mekanik dokuma tezg\u00e2h\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131yla ba\u015flad\u0131. On dokuzuncu asr\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda elektrikli montaj hatt\u0131 \u00fcretim s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine girince ikinci sanayi devrimi ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Ard\u0131ndan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc devrim geldi; yar\u0131 iletkenlerin ve bilgisayarlar\u0131n devreye girmesiyle \u00fcretimde otomasyon s\u00fcrecine … <\/p>\n