{"id":1170,"date":"2022-09-02T09:21:27","date_gmt":"2022-09-02T07:21:27","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/yavuzalogan.com\/?p=1170"},"modified":"2022-09-02T09:21:27","modified_gmt":"2022-09-02T07:21:27","slug":"merhumu-iyi-bilmezdik","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/yavuzalogan.com\/?p=1170","title":{"rendered":"MERHUMU \u0130Y\u0130 B\u0130LMEZD\u0130K"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Yavuz Alogan<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mihail Sergeyevi\u00e7 Gorba\u00e7ev\u2019in ard\u0131ndan s\u00f6ylenenleri okurken akl\u0131ma Rus sosyalizminin babas\u0131 Georgiy Plehanov\u2019un \u201cTarihte Bireyin Rol\u00fc\u201d adl\u0131 kitap\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 geldi.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n

        Bu k\u0131sa fakat yo\u011fun kitapta Plehanov tarihte baz\u0131 bireylerin ki\u015filik \u00f6zellikleri sayesinde toplumun kaderini etkileyebildi\u011fini s\u00f6yler.  Ancak bu etkinin ko\u015fullar\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bireyin tarihin gidi\u015fat\u0131n\u0131 ve toplumun kaderini kendi eylemleriyle etkileme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bu etkinin g\u00fcc\u00fc toplumun \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme bi\u00e7imi ve toplumsal g\u00fc\u00e7 ili\u015fkileriyle ko\u015fullan\u0131r. Ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle  bireyin ki\u015fisel \u00f6zellikleri ve eylemleri  ancak toplumsal ili\u015fkiler izin verdi\u011fi zaman ve izin verdi\u011fi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde  toplumun hayat\u0131n\u0131 ve tarihin gidi\u015fat\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirebilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Birey, etkide bulunurken sahip oldu\u011fu g\u00fcc\u00fcn ve c\u00fcretk\u00e2r eylemlerinin yarataca\u011f\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6remez. Bu sonu\u00e7lar ancak \u00e7ok sonra, d\u00f6nem kapand\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, geriye do\u011fru (retrospektif) bak\u0131larak anla\u015f\u0131labilir. Sonu\u00e7lar ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, tam da denildi\u011fi gibi, \u201ctarih h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fc icra etmi\u015f\u201dtir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  Mesela Napoleon Bonaparte 1803\u2019ten 1815\u2019e kadar \u0130spanya\u2019dan  Rusya\u2019ya  b\u00fct\u00fcn Avrupa\u2019y\u0131  sava\u015f alan\u0131na \u00e7evirirken feodalizmi zay\u0131flatarak kapitalizmin yolunu a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmiyordu. B\u00f6yle bir niyeti ve amac\u0131 yoktu. Tasarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bamba\u015fka bir kal\u0131c\u0131 sonu\u00e7 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Baz\u0131 liderler eylemlerinin olas\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131smen de olsa \u00f6ng\u00f6rebilmi\u015flerdir. Mesela Lenin, Nisan Tezleri\u2019yle devrimin demokratik evresini atlay\u0131p  durmaks\u0131z\u0131n sosyalizme ge\u00e7ilmesinin, se\u00e7imle olu\u015fan yasama organ\u0131n\u0131n (Kurucu Meclis) feshedilmesinin,  10. Parti Kongresinde (1921) parti  i\u00e7indeki farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerin su\u00e7 say\u0131lmas\u0131  karar\u0131n\u0131n, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 yetkili bir genel sekreterlik makam\u0131 kurulmas\u0131n\u0131n ileride Frans\u0131z Devrimi\u2019ndeki (1789) Termidor benzeri bir tasfiye ve katliam d\u00f6nemine yol a\u00e7abilece\u011fini ve devrimin Avrupa\u2019ya yay\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ko\u015fullarda Sovyet devletinin giderek  \u201cAsyatik bir despotizm\u201de d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilece\u011fini hayat\u0131n\u0131n son d\u00f6neminde k\u0131smen de olsa sezgisel olarak \u00f6ng\u00f6rebilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cStalinizm\u201d denilen olgu tarihsel ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131na ra\u011fmen bu \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcy\u00fc do\u011frulayan bir geli\u015fme \u00e7izgisi izledi.  A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 1950\u2019lerin sonuna kadar devam eden bu d\u00f6nemde  ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 merkez\u00ee planlamayla  b\u00fct\u00fcn kaynaklar\u0131n ve ekonomik fazlan\u0131n tek elde topland\u0131\u011f\u0131 sanayile\u015fme s\u00fcrecinin (kabaca1933-1941) \u00e7ok geni\u015f bir devlet b\u00fcrokrasisine yol a\u00e7aca\u011f\u0131n\u0131,  b\u00fcrokrasinin Milovan Cilas\u2019\u0131n \u201cnomenklatura\u201d (yeni s\u0131n\u0131f) dedi\u011fi (1957\u2019de) bir ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 kasta d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fece\u011fini ve parti liderli\u011fi zaafa d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc anda bu kast\u0131n \u00fcretim ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fclkiyetini ele ge\u00e7irerek oligarklar denilen bir burjuva s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kimse \u00f6ng\u00f6remedi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmesi bile zahmetli olan bu uzun s\u00fcre\u00e7te Sovyet liderli\u011finin 1953\u2019ten sonra sistemi s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmek ve geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in  Huru\u015fov\u2019un 1954-56 \u201cb\u00e2kir topraklar kampanyas\u0131\u201dndan i\u015fletmeler aras\u0131nda k\u00e2rl\u0131l\u0131k esas\u0131na g\u00f6re piyasa ili\u015fkileri olu\u015fturmay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan  Liberman Reformlar\u0131\u2019na (1962-65) kadar  yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 her giri\u015fim geri tepti, aksi tesir yaratarak sistemi zay\u0131flatt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Emperyalist \u00fclkelerle asker\u00ee ve teknolojik rekabet muazzam  bir kaynak t\u00fcketimine yol a\u00e7t\u0131, Pekin-Moskova \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 gibi jeostratejik hatalar 1972\u2019de \u00c7in\u2019in ABD\u2019nin saflar\u0131na ge\u00e7mesine yol a\u00e7t\u0131, Afganistan\u2019\u0131n i\u015fgali (1979) sonu\u00e7suz kalman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra halk\u0131 rejime yabanc\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Stalin\u2019in olu\u015fturdu\u011fu sanayi altyap\u0131s\u0131 ve devlet sistemi 1980\u2019lerin ba\u015f\u0131nda zaten t\u00fckenmi\u015fti. Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetleri Birli\u011fi, Brejnev d\u00f6neminin istikrar gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnen \u201cuzun k\u0131\u015f uykusu\u201dndan (A. Barnett)  kapitalizme uyand\u0131 ve birlik da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Perestroyka (yeniden yap\u0131lanma) ve Glasnost (a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131m: demokrasi ve \u015feffafl\u0131k) giri\u015fimiyle  Gorba\u00e7ev  zaten \u00e7\u00f6km\u00fc\u015f, i\u00e7ten i\u00e7e \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f olan sistemi d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc olmayan bir yola soktu.  Deng \u015eiao-ping\u2019in \u201cd\u00f6rt modernle\u015fme\u201dsi gibi bir programla glasnotsuz bir perestroyka uygulayarak kom\u00fcnistlerin y\u00f6netiminde karma ekonomiye ge\u00e7ilmesini sa\u011flayabilir miydi?  Ya da baz\u0131 K\u0131z\u0131l Ordu birliklerinin ve KGB\u2019nin  son bir hamleyle reformcular\u0131 tasfiye etme giri\u015fimi (18-21 A\u011fustos 1991)  ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olsayd\u0131,  sonu\u00e7 nas\u0131l olurdu?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu konularda ancak spek\u00fclasyon yap\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gorba\u00e7ev  asla Deng \u015eiao-ping kadar g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olmad\u0131. \u00c7ok farkl\u0131  \u00e7\u0131karlar taraf\u0131ndan  parti i\u00e7inde bile farkl\u0131 y\u00f6nlere \u00e7eki\u015ftirilirken kendisine s\u00fcrekli methiye d\u00fczen kapitalist \u00fclkelerin a\u011f\u0131r bask\u0131s\u0131 alt\u0131ndayd\u0131.  Alt\u0131 y\u0131ll\u0131k g\u00f6rev s\u00fcresinin  (1985-91) sonuna do\u011fru iktidar\u0131  elinden ka\u00e7\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Yeltsin, Belovej Orman\u0131\u2019nda att\u0131\u011f\u0131 tek bir imzayla Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ni da\u011f\u0131tt\u0131.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bu olay\u0131n teorik \u00e7er\u00e7evesi bize devrimden sonra s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesinin devam etti\u011fini (Mao Zedung), fiziksel olarak tasfiye edilen ve m\u00fclks\u00fczle\u015ftirilen burjuvazinin sistemin \u00e7atlaklar\u0131nda  farkl\u0131 k\u0131l\u0131klara b\u00fcr\u00fcnerek (b\u00fcrokrasi, menacerler vs), f\u0131rsat kollayarak kendisini potansiyel olarak yeniden \u00fcretebildi\u011fini g\u00f6sterir. Bu durum b\u00fct\u00fcn devrimler i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erlidir. \u015eeyhler, dervi\u015fler, m\u00fcritler ve mensuplar\u0131n siyas\u00ee iktidar\u0131n her zerresini ele ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi kendi \u00fclkemizde bile bu teorik \u00e7er\u00e7evenin ana hatlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rebiliriz. Devrimin muhaf\u0131zlar\u0131 zaaf g\u00f6sterdik\u00e7e devrimin kazan\u0131mlar\u0131 kaybedilir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sovyet deneyimini \u00f6zg\u00fcl olarak ele ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda,  1917\u2019de  bir ge\u00e7i\u015f s\u00fcreci olarak ba\u015flayan  Sovyet reel sosyalizminin, y\u00f6netici bir kast olarak devlet b\u00fcrokrasisi tasfiye d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kendisini yenileyecek bir  y\u00f6ntem ve \u00f6zg\u00fcn bir sosyalist demokrasi sistemi geli\u015ftiremedi\u011fi i\u00e7in \u00e7\u00f6kt\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc anl\u0131yoruz. Sistem 1980\u2019lerin sonunda temel yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 koruyarak ve ilkelerine ba\u011fl\u0131 kalarak kendisini yenileme imk\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015fti. Ne Tro\u00e7ki\u2019nin \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc  \u201cpolitik  devrim\u201d ne de Stalin\u2019in savundu\u011fu \u201ctek \u00fclkede sosyalizm\u201d  ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. Sonu\u00e7 olarak  Paris Kom\u00fcn\u00fc iki ay, Rusya\u2019da sosyalizm deneyimi ise  74 y\u0131l s\u00fcrd\u00fc. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u015eimdi b\u00fct\u00fcn kapitalist \u00e2lem Gorba\u00e7ev\u2019i son kez g\u00f6klere \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131p \u00f6verek merhumun matemini tutuyor. Guterres: \u201cD\u00fcnya b\u00fcy\u00fck bir liderini kaybetti.\u201d  Ursula von der Leyen: \u201c\u00d6zg\u00fcr Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n yolunu a\u00e7an g\u00fcvenilir lider.\u201d Boris Johnson: \u201cSo\u011fuk Sava\u015f\u2019\u0131 bitiren cesur ve d\u00fcr\u00fcst lider.\u201d Macron: \u201cRuslara \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck yolunu a\u00e7an bar\u0131\u015f adam\u0131\u201d vs\u2026 Rusya\u2019n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn \u201cileriden savunma hatlar\u0131\u201dndan vazge\u00e7erek \u00fclkesinin g\u00fcvenli\u011fini NATO\u2019nun insaf\u0131na terk etti\u011fi i\u00e7in 1990\u2019da ona Nobel Bar\u0131\u015f \u00f6d\u00fcl\u00fc vermi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Oysa Gorba\u00e7ev uzun ve zorlu  Sovyetler Birli\u011fi tarihi i\u00e7inde  k\u0131sa bir  dalg\u0131nl\u0131k evresinden,   \u015fartlar\u0131 \u00f6nceden olu\u015fmu\u015f ve haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f bir gaflet noktas\u0131ndan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey de\u011fildi. \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn sebebi de\u011fil sonucudur; hatta \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcd\u00fcr. Buna ra\u011fmen Sovyet devriminin tarihsel miras\u0131 i\u00e7inde hain s\u0131fat\u0131n\u0131 hak eden belki de tek liderdir. Ronald Reagan –  Helmut Kohl\u2019\u00fcn NATO s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n asla de\u011fi\u015fmeyece\u011fi konusunda verdi\u011fi \u201cs\u00f6zl\u00fc g\u00fcvence\u201dye inanarak \u00fclkesini ate\u015fe atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.  \u00d6zellikle izledi\u011fi d\u0131\u015f politika Rusya\u2019n\u0131n bug\u00fcn i\u00e7ine d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc derin a\u00e7maz\u0131n, \u00f6l\u00fcm kal\u0131m m\u00fccadelesinin \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131 haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015f, Putin\u2019in s\u00f6zleriyle \u201cd\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck jeopolitik felaketi\u201d olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1998\u2019de Gorba\u00e7ev\u2019in Moskova\u2019da a\u00e7\u0131lan Pizza Hut\u2019\u0131n  reklam filminde torunuyla birlikte rol almas\u0131 ise, son bak\u0131\u015fta, son perdede onu d\u00fcnya kapitalizminin soytar\u0131s\u0131, entelekt\u00fcel ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn simgesi olarak g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u00fct\u00fcn bu sebeplerden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc merhumu iyi bilmezdik… Veryans\u0131n<\/em>, 02. 09. 2022  <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Yavuz Alogan Mihail Sergeyevi\u00e7 Gorba\u00e7ev\u2019in ard\u0131ndan s\u00f6ylenenleri okurken akl\u0131ma Rus sosyalizminin babas\u0131 Georgiy Plehanov\u2019un \u201cTarihte Bireyin Rol\u00fc\u201d adl\u0131 kitap\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131 geldi.           Bu k\u0131sa fakat yo\u011fun kitapta Plehanov tarihte baz\u0131 bireylerin ki\u015filik \u00f6zellikleri sayesinde toplumun kaderini etkileyebildi\u011fini s\u00f6yler.  Ancak bu etkinin ko\u015fullar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Bireyin tarihin gidi\u015fat\u0131n\u0131 ve toplumun kaderini kendi eylemleriyle etkileme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bu … <\/p>\n

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